In 1937, the US Army Air Force (USAAF) opened a contest for their need for a new high-altitude fighter design. The Lockheed Company was the winner with their first military airplane.The famous designer Clarence “Kelly” Johnson who later designed T-33, U-2 and F-104 was within the team. The prototype XP-38 flew on 27 January 1939. This experimental prototype was shortly followed by full-scale production of the P-38D, which was equipped with one 37mm gun and four 12.7mm (0.5 inch) guns in the nose.
At the time of its initial delivery to the USAAF in the fall of 1941, the Lightning was the fastest fighter in the American inventory. 143 P-38Ds were also delivered to the Royal Air Force just after Pearl Harbor, but due to an American ban on the export of turbochargers, the contract was cancelled and the aircraft were returned.
During its production run, over a dozen model variants of the P-38 were built. Most changes from the early D-model involved improved armament or increased load-carrying capability. The most-built version was the P-38L, of which 3923 were built. (It is a little-known fact that a small number of Lightnings were built under license by the Consolidated-Vultee Corporation. 2,000 airplanes were contracted, but production was halted on VJ-Day after only 113 had been built.)
The Lightnings served both in the Pasific and in the European theatres. It gained fame in the hands of Army Major Richard I. Bong, whose 40 aerial victories were scored in the P-38, making him the highest-scoring American ace of the war.
The final variants of the Lightning design, the F-4 and F-5, were photo-reconnaissance models used in Europe and the Far East. Pilots pilots loved the airplane for its maneuverability, high-altitude capabilities and long flight endurance, which could reach almost 12 hours with a full external fuel load.
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